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<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="const_cast.html" title="cpp/language/const cast"><tt>const_cast</tt></a> - <a href="reinterpret_cast.html" title="cpp/language/reinterpret cast"><tt>reinterpret_cast</tt></a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Memory allocation</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="new.html" title="cpp/language/new"> <code>new</code> expression</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="delete.html" title="cpp/language/delete"> <code>delete</code> expression</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h1"><td colspan="5"> <a href="classes.html" title="cpp/language/classes"> Classes</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="class.html" title="cpp/language/class"> Class declaration</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="initializer_list.html" title="cpp/language/constructor"> Constructors</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="this.html" title="cpp/language/this"> <code>this</code> pointer</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="access.html" title="cpp/language/access"> Access specifiers</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="friend.html" title="cpp/language/friend"> <code>friend</code> specifier</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Class-specific function properties</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="virtual.html" title="cpp/language/virtual"> Virtual function</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="override.html" title="cpp/language/override"> <code>override</code> specifier</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="final.html" title="cpp/language/final"> <code>final</code> specifier</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="explicit.html" title="cpp/language/explicit"><tt>explicit</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="static.html" title="cpp/language/static"><tt>static</tt></a> </td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Special member functions</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="default_constructor.html" title="cpp/language/default constructor"> Default constructor</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="copy_constructor.html" title="cpp/language/copy constructor"> Copy constructor</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="move_constructor.html" title="cpp/language/move constructor"> Move constructor</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="as_operator.html" title="cpp/language/as operator" class="mw-redirect"> Copy assignment</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="move_operator.html" title="cpp/language/move operator" class="mw-redirect"> Move assignment</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="destructor.html" title="cpp/language/destructor"> Destructor</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h1"><td colspan="5"><a href="templates.html" title="cpp/language/templates"> Templates</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="class_template.html" title="cpp/language/class template"> Class template </a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="function_template.html" title="cpp/language/function template"> Function template </a></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="template_specialization.html" title="cpp/language/template specialization"> Template specialization</a></td></tr>   
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="parameter_pack.html" title="cpp/language/parameter pack"> Parameter packs</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h1"><td colspan="5"> Miscellaneous </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="asm.html" title="cpp/language/asm"> Inline assembly</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="history.html" title="cpp/language/history"> History of C++</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
</table></div>
</div><div></div></div></div></div><div class="t-navbar-sep"> </div><div class="t-navbar-head"><a href="basic_concepts.html" title="cpp/language/basic concepts"> Basic Concepts</a><div class="t-navbar-menu"><div><div style="display:inline-block">
<div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../keywords.html" title="cpp/keyword"> Language keywords</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <strong class="selflink"> Character sets and encodings</strong> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="translation_phases.html" title="cpp/language/translation phases"> Phases of translation</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../comments.html" title="cpp/comment"> Comments</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="main_function.html" title="cpp/language/main function"> The main() function</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="punctuators.html" title="cpp/language/punctuators"> Punctuation</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="name.html" title="cpp/language/identifiers"> Names and identifiers</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="type-id.html" title="cpp/language/type"> Types</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="types.html" title="cpp/language/types"> Fundamental types</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="objects.html" title="cpp/language/object"> Objects</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="scope.html" title="cpp/language/scope"> Scope</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="lifetime.html" title="cpp/language/lifetime"> Object lifetime</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="storage_duration.html" title="cpp/language/storage duration"> Storage duration and linkage</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="definition.html" title="cpp/language/definition"> Definitions and ODR</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="lookup.html" title="cpp/language/lookup"> Name lookup</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="qualified_lookup.html" title="cpp/language/qualified lookup"> Qualified name lookup</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="unqualified_lookup.html" title="cpp/language/unqualified lookup"> Unqualified name lookup</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="as_if.html" title="cpp/language/as if"> The as-if rule</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="ub.html" title="cpp/language/ub"> Undefined behavior</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="memory_model.html" title="cpp/language/memory model"> Memory model</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="modules.html" title="cpp/language/modules"> Modules</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20)</span> </td></tr>
</table></div>
</div><div></div></div></div></div><div class="t-navbar-sep"> </div></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Current_character_sets_.28since_C.2B.2B23.29">Current character sets <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx23">(since C++23)</span></span></h3>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Translation_character_set">Translation character set</span></h4>
<p>The <i>translation character set</i> consists of the following elements:
</p>
<ul><li> each character named by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/76835.html">ISO/IEC 10646</a>, as identified by its unique UCS scalar value, and
</li><li> a distinct character for each UCS scalar value where no named character is assigned.
</li></ul>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Basic_character_set">Basic character set</span></h4>
<p>The <i>basic character set</i> is a subset of the translation character set, consisting of the following 96 characters:
</p>
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;">

<tr>
<th> <code>Code unit</code> </th>
<th> <code>Character</code> </th>
<th> <code>Glyph</code>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>U+0009</td>
<td>Character tabulation</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>U+000B</td>
<td>Line tabulation</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>U+000C</td>
<td>Form feed (FF)</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>U+0020</td>
<td>Space</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>U+000A</td>
<td>Line feed (LF)</td>
<td>new-line
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>U+0021</td>
<td>Exclamation mark</td>
<td><code><b>!</b></code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>U+0022</td>
<td>Quotation mark</td>
<td><code><b>"</b></code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>U+0023</td>
<td>Number sign</td>
<td><code><b>#</b></code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>U+0025</td>
<td>Percent sign</td>
<td><code><b>%</b></code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>U+0026</td>
<td>Ampersand</td>
<td><code><b>&amp;</b></code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>U+0027</td>
<td>Apostrophe</td>
<td><code><b>'</b></code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>U+0028</td>
<td>Left parenthesis</td>
<td><code><b>(</b></code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>U+0029</td>
<td>Right parenthesis</td>
<td><code><b>)</b></code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>U+002A</td>
<td>Asterisk</td>
<td><code><b>*</b></code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>U+002B</td>
<td>Plus sign</td>
<td><code><b>+</b></code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>U+002C</td>
<td>Comma</td>
<td><code><b>,</b></code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>U+002D</td>
<td>Hyphen-minus</td>
<td><code><b>-</b></code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>U+002E</td>
<td>Full stop</td>
<td><code><b>.</b></code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>U+002F</td>
<td>Solidus</td>
<td><code><b>/</b></code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>U+0030 .. U+0039</td>
<td>Digit zero .. nine</td>
<td><code><b>0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9</b></code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>U+003A</td>
<td>Colon</td>
<td><code><b>:</b></code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>U+003B</td>
<td>Semicolon</td>
<td><code><b>;</b></code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>U+003C</td>
<td>Less-than sign</td>
<td><code><b>&lt;</b></code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>U+003D</td>
<td>Equals sign</td>
<td><code><b>=</b></code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>U+003E</td>
<td>Greater-than sign</td>
<td><code><b>&gt;</b></code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>U+003F</td>
<td>Question mark</td>
<td><code><b>?</b></code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>U+0041 .. U+005A</td>
<td>Latin capital letter A .. Z</td>
<td><code><b>A B C D E F G H I J K L M</b>
<p><b>N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z</b></p></code>

</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>U+005B</td>
<td>Left square bracket</td>
<td><code><b>[</b></code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>U+005C</td>
<td>Reverse solidus</td>
<td><code><b>\</b></code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>U+005D</td>
<td>Right square bracket</td>
<td><code><b>]</b></code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>U+005E</td>
<td>Circumflex accent</td>
<td><code><b>^</b></code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>U+005F</td>
<td>Low line</td>
<td><code><b>_</b></code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>U+0061 .. U+007A</td>
<td>Latin small letter a .. z</td>
<td><code><b>a b c d e f g h i j k l m</b>
<p><b>n o p q r s t u v w x y z</b></p></code>

</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>U+007B</td>
<td>Left curly bracket</td>
<td><code><b>{</b></code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>U+007C</td>
<td>Vertical line</td>
<td><code><b>|</b></code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>U+007D</td>
<td>Right curly bracket</td>
<td><code><b>}</b></code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>U+007E</td>
<td>Tilde</td>
<td><code><b>~</b></code>
</td></tr></table>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Basic_literal_character_set">Basic literal character set</span></h4>
<p>The <i>basic literal character set</i> consists of all characters of the basic character set, plus the following control characters:
</p>
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;">

<tr>
<th> <code>Code unit</code> </th>
<th> <code>Character</code>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>U+0000</td>
<td>Null
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>U+0007</td>
<td>Bell
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>U+0008</td>
<td>Backspace
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>U+000D</td>
<td>Carriage return (CR)
</td></tr></table>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Execution_character_set">Execution character set</span></h4>
<p>The execution character set and the execution wide-character set are supersets of the basic literal
character set. The encodings of the execution character sets and the sets of additional elements
(if any) are locale-specific. Each element of execution wide-character set must be representable as a distinct <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">wchar_t</span></span></span> code unit.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Code_unit_and_literal_encoding">Code unit and literal encoding</span></h4>
<p>A <i>code unit</i> is an integer value of character type. Characters in a <a href="character_literal.html" title="cpp/language/character literal">character literal</a> other than a multicharacter or non-encodable character literal or in a <a href="string_literal.html" title="cpp/language/string literal">string literal</a> are encoded as a sequence of one or more code units, as determined by the encoding prefix; this is termed the respective <i>literal encoding</i>.
</p><p>A literal encoding or a locale-specific encoding of one of the execution character sets encodes
each element of the basic literal character set as a single code unit with non-negative value, distinct from the code unit for any other such element. A character not in the basic literal character set can be encoded with more than one code unit; the value of such a code unit can be the same as that of a code unit for an element of the basic literal character set. The encodings of the execution character sets can be unrelated to any literal encoding.
</p><p>The ordinary literal encoding is the encoding applied to an ordinary character or string literal. The wide literal encoding is the encoding applied to a wide character or string literal.
</p><p>The U+0000 NULL character is encoded as the value 0. No other element of the translation character set is encoded with a code unit of value 0. The code unit value of each decimal digit character after the digit 0 (U+0030) shall be one greater than the value of the previous. The ordinary and wide literal encodings are otherwise implementation-defined.
</p><p>For a UTF-8, UTF-16, or UTF-32 literal, the UCS scalar value corresponding to each character of the translation character set is encoded as specified in ISO/IEC 10646 for the respective UCS encoding form.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Pre-C.2B.2B23_character_sets_.28until_C.2B.2B23.29">Pre-C++23 character sets <span class="t-mark-rev t-until-cxx23">(until C++23)</span></span></h3>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Basic_source_character_set">Basic source character set</span></h4>
<p>The <i>basic source character set</i> consists of 96 characters:
</p>
<ul><li> the space character, 
</li><li> the control characters representing
<ul><li> horizontal tab,
</li><li> vertical tab,
</li><li> form feed,
</li><li> and new-line,
</li></ul>
</li><li> plus the following 91 graphical characters:
</li></ul>
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;">

<tr>
<td><code>a</code></td>
<td><code>b</code></td>
<td><code>c</code></td>
<td><code>d</code></td>
<td><code>e</code></td>
<td><code>f</code></td>
<td><code>g</code></td>
<td><code>h</code></td>
<td><code>i</code></td>
<td><code>j</code></td>
<td><code>k</code></td>
<td><code>l</code></td>
<td><code>m</code></td>
<td><code>n</code></td>
<td><code>o</code></td>
<td><code>p</code></td>
<td><code>q</code></td>
<td><code>r</code></td>
<td><code>s</code></td>
<td><code>t</code></td>
<td><code>u</code></td>
<td><code>v</code></td>
<td><code>w</code></td>
<td><code>x</code></td>
<td><code>y</code></td>
<td><code>z</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>A</code></td>
<td><code>B</code></td>
<td><code>C</code></td>
<td><code>D</code></td>
<td><code>E</code></td>
<td><code>F</code></td>
<td><code>G</code></td>
<td><code>H</code></td>
<td><code>I</code></td>
<td><code>J</code></td>
<td><code>K</code></td>
<td><code>L</code></td>
<td><code>M</code></td>
<td><code>N</code></td>
<td><code>O</code></td>
<td><code>P</code></td>
<td><code>Q</code></td>
<td><code>R</code></td>
<td><code>S</code></td>
<td><code>T</code></td>
<td><code>U</code></td>
<td><code>V</code></td>
<td><code>W</code></td>
<td><code>X</code></td>
<td><code>Y</code></td>
<td><code>Z</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>0</code></td>
<td><code>1</code></td>
<td><code>2</code></td>
<td><code>3</code></td>
<td><code>4</code></td>
<td><code>5</code></td>
<td><code>6</code></td>
<td><code>7</code></td>
<td><code>8</code></td>
<td><code>9</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>_</code></td>
<td><code>{</code></td>
<td><code></code>}</td>
<td><code>[</code></td>
<td><code>]</code></td>
<td><code>#</code></td>
<td><code>(</code></td>
<td><code>)</code></td>
<td><code>&lt;</code></td>
<td><code>&gt;</code></td>
<td><code>%</code></td>
<td><code>:</code></td>
<td><code>;</code></td>
<td><code>.</code></td>
<td><code>?</code></td>
<td><code>*</code></td>
<td><code>+</code></td>
<td><code>-</code></td>
<td><code>/</code></td>
<td><code>^</code></td>
<td><code>&amp;</code></td>
<td><code>|</code></td>
<td><code>~</code></td>
<td><code>!</code></td>
<td><code>=</code></td>
<td><code>,</code></td>
<td><code>\</code></td>
<td><code>"</code></td>
<td><code>’</code>
</td></tr></table>
<p>The glyphs for the members of the basic source character set are intended to identify characters from the subset of ISO/IEC 10646 which corresponds to the ASCII character set. However, because the mapping from source file characters to the source character set (described in <a href="translation_phases.html#Phase1" title="cpp/language/translation phases">translation phase 1</a>) is specified as implementation-defined, an implementation is required to document how the basic source characters are represented in source files.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Basic_execution_character_set">Basic execution character set</span></h4>
<p>The <i>basic execution character set</i> and the <i>basic execution wide-character set</i> shall each contain all the members of the basic source character set, plus control characters representing alert, backspace, and carriage return, plus a null character (respectively, null wide character), whose value is 0.
</p><p>For each basic execution character set, the values of the members shall be non-negative and distinct from one another. In both the source and execution basic character sets, the value of each character after 0 in the above list of decimal digits shall be one greater than the value of the previous.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Execution_character_set_.28Old_definition.29">Execution character set (Old definition)</span></h4>
<p>The execution character set and the execution wide-character set are implementation-defined supersets of the basic execution character set and the basic execution wide-character set, respectively. The values of the members of the execution character sets and the sets of additional members are locale-specific.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Defect_reports">Defect reports</span></h3>
<p>The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards.
</p>
<table class="dsctable" style="font-size:0.8em">
<tr>
<th> DR
</th>
<th> Applied to
</th>
<th> Behavior as published
</th>
<th> Correct behavior
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cplusplus.github.io/CWG/issues/788.html">CWG 788</a>
</td>
<td> C++98
</td>
<td> the values of the members of the execution character sets<br>were implementation-defined, but were not locale-specific
</td>
<td> they are locale-specific
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cplusplus.github.io/CWG/issues/1796.html">CWG 1796</a>
</td>
<td> C++98
</td>
<td> the representation of the null (wide) character in<br>basic execution (wide-)character set had all zero bits
</td>
<td> only required value to be zero
</td></tr></table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h3>
<table class="t-dsc-begin">

<tr class="t-dsc">
<td colspan="2"> <a href="ascii.html" title="cpp/language/ascii">ASCII chart</a>
</td></tr>

</table>

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